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Below is a list of golf related words and terms along with their most common definitions. Some definitions also contain the USGA’s definition. You can find a more complete list of the USGA Rules and Definitions at www.rulesofgolf.com.
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Abnormal Ground Conditions
A temporary ground condition that would allow relief without penalty. Examples include a hole dug by a squirrel or deep trench made from a tire wheel.
USGA: An “abnormal ground condition” is any casual water, ground under repair or hole, cast or runway on the course made by a burrowing animal, a reptile or a bird.
Acceleration
A steady increase in speed of the club head, hands or arms. A major objective of all golf swings starting at the beginning of the forward swing and through impact. Most often used as "accelerate through the ball". Meaning to increase club head speed through the striking zone or bottom of the swing arc.
Ace
A hole made in one stroke
Address
The process a player goes through to position the body and club in order to make a stroke.
Taking your stance, setting the club behind the ball and preparing to hit the ball (addressing the ball).
The position of your body in relationship to the golf ball (your address). 
USGA: A player has “addressed the ball” when he has taken his stance and has grounded his club, except that in a hazard a player has addressed the ball when has his taken his stance.
Advice
To make a recommondatiom, give counsel or opinion.
USGA: “Advice” is any counsel or suggestion that could influence a player in determining his play, the choice of a club or the method of the making a stroke.
Aim
To align the clubface and the body to the target.
Aim Line
See Target Line
Albatross
Term used for a score on a single hole that is three under par.
Alignment
The position of the body and clubface in relation to the target. A part of aiming.
Amateur
A player that does not receive monetary compensation for playing in excess of $750.00.
USGA: An “amateur golfer” is one who plays the game as a non-remunerative and non-profit-making sport and who does not receive remuneration for teaching golf or for other activities because of golf skill or reputation, except as provided in the Rules.
Angle of Approach or Attack
The angle formed by the clubhead as it approaches or contacts the ball and the groundline. The angle of decent or acent of the club face which determines the distance and trajectory of the ball.
Approach Shot
A shot or stroke played with intent to land the ball on the putting green
Apron
The first cut of grass surrounding the putting surface. Also called the fringe.
Attend the Flag
To hold and then remove the flag while your playing partner putts.
Away
The ball that is the furthest from the hole. You are away if your ball is further from the hole than any other player in your group.
Axis
Refers to a straight line, sucjh as the spine, that the upper body rotates around during a golf swing or putting stroke. 
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